Catch2 released

Phil Nash from level of indirection

Super Catch

I've been talking about Catch2 for a while - but now it's finally here! The big news for Catch2 is that it drops all support for pre-C++11 compilers. Other than meaning that some users will not be supported (you can still use Catch "Classic" (1.x) - which will get some bug fix updates for a while, at least) that's mostly an internal change - however it enables a number of user-facing changes, both now and in the future. Let's take a look at what they are.

New and shiny

New, composable, command line processor

Clara is the command line parser in Catch. In Catch 1.0 I spun it out into its own library (but it's still embedded in the Catch single header). Like Catch 1.0 itself, Clara was constrained to C++98 compatibility. For Catch2 I've rewritten Clara from the ground up, not only to fully embrace C++11, but also to be composable. What that means here is that each individual command line option or argument can be represented using its own, self-contained, parser. A composite parser of all the options is then assembled, or composed, from those smaller parsers.

The main advantage of this approach is that the set of available options is now trivially extendible outside of Catch, so users can easily specify command line options that can tune their test code.

See my lightning talk at CppCon this year for a bit more

Commas in assertions

As Catch assertions are implemented using macros, it was susceptible to the old problem of how macros interpret commas within macro arguments. Commas may occur in contexts that macros don't know about, such as within angle brackets (e.g. for template instantiations) - and so get interpreted as argument separators for the macro itself.

Now that we can rely on C++11, which includes variadic macros, we can make the assertions variadic, and just reassemble all the arguments again inside. That means we can now write code like the following:

  REQUIRE( getPair() == std::pair<true, "banana">() );

Microbenchmarking (experimental)

Catch2 gains initial support for micro-benchmarking. This is where small pieces of code are timed, usually in a loop so they are repeated enough times to be significant compared to the system clock accuracy. Some extra adjustments need to be made to allow for other sources of jitter and slowdown on the host machine - and, even then, multiple samples should be taken so they can be subject to statistical analysis.

There are many shortcomings with micro-benchmarks - not least that the performance of a piece of code in isolation can often be drastically different to how well it performs in conjunction with other code. This is not only due to the way the compiler may inline or otherwise optimise code together, but even on the CPU instructions can be reordered, pipelined or run in parallel - and with cache levels and branch prediction, the relationship between these things becomes hugely unpredictable.

Nonetheless they can still be useful - and it can be convenient to use the same test framework that you use to write functional tests - not least because there is much shared infrastructure.

Catch's benchmarking support is incomplete at time of this writing, lacking the multi-sampling, statistical analysis and richer reporting that fully-fledged frameworks offer. The intention is to grow this, but only if it can be done without any significant impact to non-benchmarking tests. In lieu of full documentation, see the example tests for now.

Performance

Both runtime and compile time performance are becoming increasingly important for Catch, and a lot of work is going into improving both. Runtime performance was a non-goal initially, so there has been plenty of low-hanging fruit. As a result we're already seeing some significant improvements, and there is more to come.

Compile time is harder. This has always been important, but as Catch has grown over the years, it has begun to suffer. Improving it significantly means making some trade-offs. So far some features that drag compile times have been made configurable - e.g. whether breaking into the debugger on a failed assertion happens in the code that caused it (meaning the debugger code gets compiled into every assertion macro) or one level up the stack (so can be "hidden" in a function). Other areas to look at are whether to use (non-standard, potentially brittle) forward declarations of some standard library types. Again, this is an ongoing area of active development - but much is already in Catch2 at launch.

See some of the toggle macros for more details

A new name

Believe it or not "Catch2" is now the name - it's not just a version reference! In fact the current intention is that, even when we move to v3.x it will still be called Catch2. E.g. Catch2 v3.0. Why? Well there have been calls for a name change - for searchability reasons. Catch is obviously a common keyword in C++, and also in unit testing. So getting search terms sufficiently narrow has been tricky. But I didn't want to use an entirely different name (although I did toy with the idea of "Catfish" for a while) - because that would lose too much of the momentum behind Catch overall. A derivative name doesn't fully solve the problem, because people will still refer to it as Catch, casually - but at least it gives a slight advantage. So that's what I've gone with. There are also a few interesting numerological aspects to it. It stops short of being Catch22 - but if you consider the C++11 requirement you could multiply them to get 22. And you can add the digits in C++11 to get 2.

Upcoming features

It's always dangerous to talk about what's planned - and I've fallen into this trap with Catch before. So there are some feature promises that have been outstanding for a long time now. In fact most of those have been deferred to Catch2 for quite some time - either because C++11 has features that make them much easier/ possible to implement (e.g. threading) - or just because they involved a lot of code that gets less noisy in C++11. So we'll talk about those again here.

Threading

This was unfeasible in Catch 1.x due not having C++11 threading primitives, or being able to use external dependencies like Boost for threading. To provide a basic level of support should now be fairly straightforward as a lot of groundwork has been laid (e.g. how singletons are organised).

The idea is that if, within a test case, you use additional threads, you should be able to make assertions from those threads - as long as the test case is still in scope at the time. The aim is for this to be done without locks in the assertions. Running multiple test cases in parallel is not immediately planned (and may be best implemented at the process level, anyway).

Generators/ Property Based Testing

Generators give you what other frameworks might call (Data-)Parameterised Tests - i.e. being able to use the same test code with different inputs. An experimental version of generators was included in Catch from very early on. Other than not being complete and having some limitations it also had a serious issue in that it didn't work at all with Sections! This is because both features relied on the ability to re-enter test cases - but they were independent of each other. I rewrote the test-case tracking code a couple of years ago now to be able to support this properly - and had a proof-of-concept new implementation of Generators working with it - enough to give a demo at a talk I gave. However the implementation was getting noisy with C++98 syntax so I deferred work on it for Catch2. Now that Catch2 is released I'll be looking at this again. Closely related to Generators - in fact it builds on it - is the idea of Property Based Testing. The proof-of-concept I mentioned actually had an initial version of this, too. There's more work involved here to getting it right, but having Generators is a first step.

Breaking Changes

As a major version change we've taken advantage of the permission that Semantic Versioning gives us to introduce a few breaking changes. These should have little, if any, impact on most users - but it's worth checking these before making the move to be sure you're ready.

toString() has been removed

This is probably the biggest change, and the most likely to affect people. For a long time there have been three ways to tell Catch how to convert values into strings for reporting purposes. In order, the pipeline was like this:
  1. toString() overload
  2. StringMaker<> specialisation
  3. ostream& operator << overload
  4. give up and use {?}

If your types already have << overloads for ostream then you're good. If not then, in theory, overloading toString() was the simplest option.

However toString() had a number of limitations - mostly due to the point of template instantiation. Compiler differences with two-phase lookup, and other factors which are implementation defined, mean that toString() overloads were unreliable and caused a lot of confusion - hardly the simplest option after all!

Specialising StringMaker<> is slightly more work, but is more reliable, stable, and flexible. So this is now the recommended way to provide string conversion functionality for your types. In Catch2, toString() has been completely removed!

If you have code that calls toString() there is a new function that plays that role: Catch::detail::stringify(). However, note that (a) this should never be overloaded - it just wraps the call into the pipeline that starts with StringMaker<> and (b) the detail part of the namespace should be a clue that this is really an internal part of Catch and is subject to change.

To specialise StringMaker<> see the documentation.

Other removals and changes

As well as C++98 support and toString(), a number of deprecated features and interfaces have been removed, as well as a few other tweaks and changes that may impact some code-bases. See the "Breaking Changes" section in the release notes for the full list. In fact the release notes in general give a good overview of all the many small changes and improvements that have gone into Catch2 that have not been mentioned here.

A new home

The Catch(2) repository has moved! You may not have noticed as it has been transferred in GitHub, and that means GitHub maintains redirects for all the old links. However they do recommend updating your own urls, in bookmarks, direct download links and, of course, git remotes. We've made this move for two reasons:

1. As Catch has grown it has become more of a community effort. It already has an additional lead maintainer in Martin Hořeňovský, and others may be added. But as the sole owner of my own personal GitHub account there are some things that only I could do (webhooks and other integrations, for example). So as not to be a bottleneck we've created a GitHub "Organization" account, CatchOrg, which allows multiple admin users. That's where we've moved it to.

2. For Catch2 to get any traction as a new name it was important for it to be reflected in the repo name, so we've taken advantage of the move to change the repo name, too. Catch "Classic" (1.x) has also moved here, but is now on a branch. If you cannot move to Catch2 for C++98 compatibility reasons you can stay on Catch Classic on this branch. It will continue to receive critical fixes, at least for now, but is no longer the active development branch. Please try to move to Catch2 as soon as possible.

If you notice anything broken as a result of this move, please let us know so we can fix it.

Thanks!

As always, a huge thanks to all who have supported and contributed to Catch and Catch2 - especially for your patience when I wasn't getting to issues and PRs as quickly as was needed!

An extra thanks to Martin, who has been doing the majority of the work on Catch this year!

Catch Up

Phil Nash from level of indirection

Trolley

Stock image from Shutterstock

It's been just over six years since I first announced Catch to the world as a brand new C++ test framework!

In that time it has matured to the point that it can take on the heavyweights - while still staying true to its original goals of being lightweight, easy to get started with and low-friction to work with.

In the last couple of years or so it has also increased dramatically in popularity! That sounds like a good thing - and it is - but with that comes a greater diversity of environments and usage, and more people raising issues and submitting pull requests.

Again, it's great to have so much input from the community - especially in the form of pull requests - where other developers have gone to some effort to implement a change, or a fix, and present it back for inclusion in the main project. So it's been heart-breaking for me that, between this increase in volume and finding my meagre free-time stretched even further, so many issues and PRs have been left unacknowledged - many not even seen by me in the first place.

But two things have happened, recently, that completely change this state of affairs. We're moving firmly in the right direction again.

Firstly, as mentioned in On Joining JetBrains, I've recently changed jobs to one that should give me much more time and opportunity to work on Catch - as well as the opportunity to do so in my home office - with stable internet (as opposed to on the train while commuting to and from work). The first few months were a bit of a wash for the reasons discussed in that post, but, as I also suggested there, this year has seen that change and I've been able to put in quite a lot of work on Catch already.

But that's not really enough. There's a huge back-log - and I'm still only doing this part time - and I want to spend time working on Catch2 as well (more on that soon). I don't want to end up back in the situation where everything is backing up and there's no hope of recovery.

I've been hoping to find someone else to be a key maintainer of Catch for a couple of years now. I've not been very active in this search - for all the same reasons - but it's been on my mind.

But, just last month, after I appeared on CppCast talking about JetBrains and Catch, there was a thread on Reddit about it - with many expressing concern over the Catch situation. I brought the subject up on there again and got the attention of one of the commenters.

I didn't know it at the time, but Martin Hořeňovský has been responsible for a good number of those PRs and issues that had been left unaddressed - as well as an active community member in helping address other people's issues. So it's with great pleasure (and relief!) that I can announce that Martin now has full commit rights to Catch on GitHub and has been prolific in working through the currently outstanding tickets.

Martin seems to really "get" Catch, and the design goals around it - so working with him on this the last couple of weeks has been very rewarding. From some queries I just ran on GitHub it looks like 39 issues have been closed and 38 PRs merged or closed in that time! That's compared to 9 new issues and 7 PRs - about half of which were created by Martin and I in the process. And that's not to mention all the labels we've been using to categorise the other tickets - with many marked as "Resolved - pending review" - which usually means we think it's resolved but we're just waiting for feedback (or a chance for more testing).

With 219 open issues and 41 PRs still outstanding, at time of writing, there's a lot more work to do yet - but I hope this reassures you that we're going in the right direction - and fast!

And we're not stopping with Martin. We have at least one other volunteer that I'll be bringing up to speed soon.

Catch2

I've referred to Catch2 a number of times now, and talked a little about what it will be. The biggest reason for making it a major release, according to Semantic Versioning, is that it will drop support for pre-C++11. For that reason Catch Classic (1.x) will continue to receive at least bug fix updates - but no more new features once Catch2 is fully released. A few major features in the pipeline have been explicitly deferred to Catch2: concurrency support and generators/ property-based testing in particular.

Moving to C++11 provides a very large scope for cleaning up the code-base - which has a significant volume of code dedicated to platform-specific workarounds for compiler shortcomings, missing library features such as smart pointers, and boilerplate that will no longer be necessary with things like range-based-for, auto and others. Lambdas will be useful too, but are not quite so important.

Because taking advantage of C++11 has the potential to touch almost every line of code, I'm taking the opportunity to rewrite the core of Catch - primarily the assertion macros and the infrastructure to support that. This is code that is #included in every test file, and expanded (in the case of macros) in every test case or even every assertion. Keeping this code lightweight is essential to avoiding a compile time hit. There's a number of ways this foot-print can be reduced and the rewrite will strive for this as much as possible.

The rest of the code, concerned with maintaining the registry of tests, parsing and interpreting the command line, running tests and reporting results, will be updated more incrementally.

I already have a (not-yet-public) proof-of-concept version of the re-written code. It's not yet complete but, so far, has only one standard library dependency and minimal templates. The compile-time overhead is imperceptible.

In addition to compile-time, runtime performance is also a goal of Catch2. It's not an overriding goal - I won't be obfuscating the code in the name of wringing out the last few milliseconds of performance - but this is a definite change from Catch Classic where runtime performance was a non-goal. This is in recognition of the fact that Catch is used for more than just isolated unit tests - and will also become more important with property based testing.

I don't have a timeline, yet, for when I expect Catch2 to be ready - and in the immediate term getting Catch Classic back under control is the priority. Despite the partial re-write, and the major version increment, I expect tests written against Catch Classic to mostly "just work" with Catch2 - or require very minimal changes in a some rare cases.

You

As already mentioned many developers have also spent time and effort contributing issues, fixes and even feature PRs over the years. So Catch has really been a community project for years now and I'm very grateful for all the help and support. I think Catch has shown that having a low-friction approach to testing C++ code is very important to a lot of people and I'm hoping we'll continue to build on that. Thank you all.

Catch Up

Phil Nash from level of indirection

Trolley

It's been just over six years since I first announced Catch to the world as a brand new C++ test framework!

In that time it has matured to the point that it can take on the heavyweights - while still staying true to its original goals of being lightweight, easy to get started with and low-friction to work with.

In the last couple of years or so it has also increased dramatically in popularity! That sounds like a good thing - and it is - but with that comes a greater diversity of environments and usage, and more people raising issues and submitting pull requests.

Again, it's great to have so much input from the community - especially in the form of pull requests - where other developers have gone to some effort to implement a change, or a fix, and present it back for inclusion in the main project. So it's been heart-breaking for me that, between this increase in volume and finding my meagre free-time stretched even further, so many issues and PRs have been left unacknowledged - many not even seen by me in the first place.

But two things have happened, recently, that completely change this state of affairs. We're moving firmly in the right direction again.

Firstly, as mentioned in On Joining JetBrains, I've recently changed jobs to one that should give me much more time and opportunity to work on Catch - as well as the opportunity to do so in my home office - with stable internet (as opposed to on the train while commuting to and from work). The first few months were a bit of a wash for the reasons discussed in that post, but, as I also suggested there, this year has seen that change and I've been able to put in quite a lot of work on Catch already.

But that's not really enough. There's a huge back-log - and I'm still only doing this part time - and I want to spend time working on Catch2 as well (more on that soon). I don't want to end up back in the situation where everything is backing up and there's no hope of recovery.

I've been hoping to find someone else to be a key maintainer of Catch for a couple of years now. I've not been very active in this search - for all the same reasons - but it's been on my mind.

But, just last month, after I appeared on CppCast talking about JetBrains and Catch, there was a thread on Reddit about it - with many expressing concern over the Catch situation. I brought the subject up on there again and got the attention of one of the commenters.

I didn't know it at the time, but Martin Hořeňovský has been responsible for a good number of those PRs and issues that had been left unaddressed - as well as an active community member in helping address other people's issues. So it's with great pleasure (and relief!) that I can announce that Martin now has full commit rights to Catch on GitHub and has been prolific in working through the currently outstanding tickets.

Martin seems to really "get" Catch, and the design goals around it - so working with him on this the last couple of weeks has been very rewarding. From some queries I just ran on GitHub it looks like 39 issues have been closed and 38 PRs merged or closed in that time! That's compared to 9 new issues and 7 PRs - about half of which were created by Martin and I in the process. And that's not to mention all the labels we've been using to categorise the other tickets - with many marked as "Resolved - pending review" - which usually means we think it's resolved but we're just waiting for feedback (or a chance for more testing).

With 219 open issues and 41 PRs still outstanding, at time of writing, there's a lot more work to do yet - but I hope this reassures you that we're going in the right direction - and fast!

And we're not stopping with Martin. We have at least one other volunteer that I'll be bringing up to speed soon.

Catch2

I've referred to Catch2 a number of times now, and talked a little about what it will be. The biggest reason for making it a major release, according to Semantic Versioning, is that it will drop support for pre-C++11. For that reason Catch Classic (1.x) will continue to receive at least bug fix updates - but no more new features once Catch2 is fully released. A few major features in the pipeline have been explicitly deferred to Catch2: concurrency support and generators/ property-based testing in particular.

Moving to C++11 provides a very large scope for cleaning up the code-base - which has a significant volume of code dedicated to platform-specific workarounds for compiler shortcomings, missing library features such as smart pointers, and boilerplate that will no longer be necessary with things like range-based-for, auto and others. Lambdas will be useful too, but are not quite so important.

Because taking advantage of C++11 has the potential to touch almost every line of code, I'm taking the opportunity to rewrite the core of Catch - primarily the assertion macros and the infrastructure to support that. This is code that is #included in every test file, and expanded (in the case of macros) in every test case or even every assertion. Keeping this code lightweight is essential to avoiding a compile time hit. There's a number of ways this foot-print can be reduced and the rewrite will strive for this as much as possible.

The rest of the code, concerned with maintaining the registry of tests, parsing and interpreting the command line, running tests and reporting results, will be updated more incrementally.

I already have a (not-yet-public) proof-of-concept version of the re-written code. It's not yet complete but, so far, has only one standard library dependency and minimal templates. The compile-time overhead is imperceptible.

In addition to compile-time, runtime performance is also a goal of Catch2. It's not an overriding goal - I won't be obfuscating the code in the name of wringing out the last few milliseconds of performance - but this is a definite change from Catch Classic where runtime performance was a non-goal. This is in recognition of the fact that Catch is used for more than just isolated unit tests - and will also become more important with property based testing.

I don't have a timeline, yet, for when I expect Catch2 to be ready - and in the immediate term getting Catch Classic back under control is the priority. Despite the partial re-write, and the major version increment, I expect tests written against Catch Classic to mostly "just work" with Catch2 - or require very minimal changes in a some rare cases.

You

As already mentioned many developers have also spent time and effort contributing issues, fixes and even feature PRs over the years. So Catch has really been a community project for years now and I'm very grateful for all the help and support. I think Catch has shown that having a low-friction approach to testing C++ code is very important to a lot of people and I'm hoping we'll continue to build on that. Thank you all.

On joining JetBrains

Phil Nash from level of indirection

JbOffice

The JetBrains office in St. Petersburg

I recently joined JetBrains as Developer Advocate for their (our) C++ related tools, CLion (a cross-platform C++ IDE), AppCode (for Mac and iOS development - also supporting Swift and Objective-C) and ReSharper C++ (plug-in for Visual Studio).

This was a significant move for me as my previous full-time role had been as a developer at one place for over seven years! In that time I had been able to take time out to do occasional stints of coaching and consulting, as well as travelling to a number of conferences and other events where I always felt like I was more a part of the community. But making that a significant part of my job has been an interesting transition.

JetBrains are a superb software engineering company with a friendly, diverse, set of employees, distributed across a number of offices. I primarily interact with members in St. Petersburg, Russia and Munich, Germany (and have already visited both offices). Personally I work at home - as do the rest of the Developer Advocacy team (their respective homes, that is. There's not quite enough room at my place!)

I'm not going to talk too much more about my role in general, here. I covered it a bit more in an interview published on some of the JetBrains blogs soon after I joined. What I wanted to talk about here is how it affects my other activities - and in particular Catch.

One of the enticing things about taking this role was that I would be expected to continue work on Open Source projects. After all I wouldn't be working on a paid project anymore - but I still need to keep my skills relevant (and not just tuned to small, self-contained, demos). Over the last three months, however, I've found there has been a lot more to get up-to-speed on - as well as opportunity to overbook myself - than I had anticipated. So catching up on Catch has been minimal so far.

But with my first three release-oriented activities under my belt, and a clearer idea of what to expect, I'm looking forward to turning that around early in the new year. I have a lot of issues and PRs to catch up on, and I've started work on Catch2 in parallel, which I'm keen to get to a first release of (I intend to follow-up soon with a post on Catch2). I'm also hoping to find people I can work with (and give commit rights to) to help with all of the above.

Beyond Catch I expect to blog more frequently again (both here and on the JetBrains blogs) and I have some other projects in the pipeline too.